Crohn's disease is a chronic digestive disorder that causes inflammation and damage in the digestive tract.

The disease belongs to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).

Crohn's disease most commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine (colon), but inflammation can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).

There's no cure for Crohn's disease, but there are many treatments to help manage its symptoms.

Most people with Crohn's disease go through periods of remission in which they have no symptoms, and flares during which symptoms worsen.

Types of Crohn’s Disease

There are several different types of Crohn’s disease, categorized by the area of the digestive tract affected.

Ileocolitis This is the most common form of Crohn’s disease, according to the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation.

It affects the end of the small intestine (ileum) as well as the large intestine (colon).

Ileitis This form of Crohn’s disease affects only the ileum.

Crohn’s Colitis Also known as granulomatous colitis, this form of the disease affects only the colon.

Gastroduodenal Crohn’s Disease This form of the disease affects both the stomach and the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum).

Jejunoileitis This form of Crohn’s disease involves patches of inflammation in the upper half of the small intestine (jejunum).

Common Questions & Answers

What are early signs of Crohn’s disease?

While no two people will experience Crohn's disease in the same way, most have diarrhea and abdominal pain or cramping. Other common symptoms include rectal bleeding, nausea, loss of appetite, an urgent need to use the bathroom, and constipation.

Weight loss, fatigue, joint pain, red or itchy eyes, and inflamed or bumpy skin may also occur.

What diet changes can help manage Crohn’s symptoms?

There is no single diet for Crohn's disease. However, common triggers you may want to avoid include whole grains, nuts and seeds, raw fruits and vegetables, spicy foods, fatty or greasy foods, dairy products, and caffeinated and alcoholic beverages.

During a flare, when symptoms are at their worst, it may be helpful to stick to bland, soft foods.

How is Crohn’s disease detected?

The first step in testing for Crohn’s is a physical exam, a full medical history, and tests to rule out other conditions, including lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome, and ulcerative colitis.

Blood tests, stool tests, colonoscopy, upper GI endoscopy, wireless capsule endoscopy, and imaging tests are also used to diagnose Crohn's.

What happens if Crohn’s is left untreated?

The ongoing inflammation that comes with Crohn's can lead to a number of complications. One common digestive issue is an intestinal blockage, which occurs when inflammation causes scar tissue to build up and narrow an area of the intestines. Other complications include tears in the anus, pockets of infection, malnutrition, and colon cancer.

Signs and Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease

No two people experience Crohn’s disease in exactly the same way.

Your symptoms will depend on what areas of your bowel are affected, as well as how advanced your disease is and how well your treatments are working.

Most people with Crohn’s disease experience inflammation in both their small intestine and their large intestine (colon), which often causes diarrhea and abdominal pain or cramping.

Other common digestive symptoms include rectal bleeding, nausea or loss of appetite, an urgent need to defecate, and constipation.

Crohn’s disease can also cause weight loss, fatigue, and symptoms outside the digestive system, like joint pain, red or itchy eyes, and inflamed or bumpy skin.

Learn More About Crohn's Disease Symptoms

Causes and Risk Factors of Crohn’s Disease

The exact causes of Crohn's disease are unknown.

It may be caused by an autoimmune reaction. There's some evidence that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy bacteria that grow naturally in the human gut.

Experts believe a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to a person's risk for the disease.

Some risk factors for Crohn's disease include:

Genes While no one gene can be said to cause Crohn's disease, scientists have identified more than 200 genetic variations that may raise the risk of the disease, notes MedlinePlus.

Family History Crohn's disease appears to run in families. About 5 to 20 percent of people with Crohn's disease have a parent or sibling with it, according to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation.

If one of your parents has Crohn’s disease, your risk of developing it is about 7 to 9 percent. But if both your parents have the disease, your risk is much higher — about 35 percent, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute.

Where You Live Crohn's disease is more common in developed countries than developing ones. It's also more common in urban than rural areas.

Cigarette Smoking Smokers are about twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop Crohn's disease, according to the NIDDK.

Certain Drugs Taking antibiotics, birth control pills, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) — such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve) — may slightly raise your risk of developing Crohn's disease.

How Is Crohn’s Disease Diagnosed?

The first step to diagnosing Crohn’s disease is complete medical history, a physical exam, and a series of tests to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. These include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lactose intolerance, and ulcerative colitis.

During a physical exam, a physician will check for bloating, swelling, and painful or tender spots in your abdomen.

Additional tests are often needed to diagnose Crohn’s disease and may include: blood tests, stool tests, colonoscopy, upper GI (gastrointestinal) endoscopy, wireless capsule endoscopy, and imaging tests like X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) scans.

Learn More About Crohn’s Disease Symptoms and Diagnosis

Duration of Crohn’s Disease Flares

A period of time in which symptoms of Crohn’s are severe is called a flare. The length of a flare varies widely from person to person, but generally, can last anywhere from a couple of days to several months.

If a flare is left untreated, it can cause lasting complications and permanent damage, so it’s important to work with your doctor on a treatment plan.

For an individual with Crohn’s a period of time with no symptoms is called remission, which can last for several days, weeks, and even years.

The goal of treatment for Crohn’s disease is to achieve and maintain remission.

Learn More About Crohn’s Disease Flares

Treatment and Medication Options for Crohn’s Disease

Treatment for Crohn’s disease usually involves a number of different drugs.

Some of these drugs are meant to prevent flares of your disease — periods in which your symptoms return or worsen. Others are prescribed to reduce inflammation and treat symptoms when a flare takes place.

You may also be prescribed antibiotics to treat symptoms or complications due to a bacterial infection.

For most people with Crohn’s disease, a time will come when medication alone won’t be enough, and surgery will be required.

Surgical treatments may include removing a diseased area of the intestines, opening a narrowed or blocked area, or even removing the entire colon.

Most surgical treatments allow people with Crohn’s to live symptom-free for a number of years.

Alternative therapies can also help to reduce symptoms and maintain remission. Research shows that supplements like probiotics can reduce the duration of flares.

Learn More About Treatments for Crohn's Disease

How Can Your Diet Affect Crohn’s Disease?

There’s no single diet that helps all people with Crohn’s disease.

You may find that making certain dietary changes helps reduce uncomfortable symptoms during flares, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

Foods that commonly trigger symptoms include certain whole grains, nuts and seeds, raw fruits and vegetables, spicy foods, fatty or greasy foods, dairy products, and caffeinated or alcoholic beverages.

If you experience malnutrition due to Crohn’s disease, you may also need to focus on getting enough of certain nutrients in your diet.

When your symptoms are at their worst, it’s often helpful to focus on easy to digest meals and snacks.

Learn More About Diet For Crohn's Disease

Complications of Crohn’s Disease

The ongoing inflammation and injury to the bowel wall that define Crohn’s disease can lead to a number of complications.

Most of these complications affect the digestive system, but some may take place in other areas of the body.

One common digestive complication is an intestinal blockage, which happens when inflammation causes scar tissue to build up and narrow an area of the intestines.

Other digestive complications may include tears in your anus, pockets of infection, malnutrition, and even colon cancer.

People with Crohn's have an elevated risk for certain mild liver problems, including fatty liver disease, hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a condition characterized by inflammation to the bile duct system of the liver.

Less commonly, Crohn’s disease can cause complications in other areas of the body, such as mouth, joint, skin, and eye problems. It can also cause problems during pregnancy.

L earn More About Crohn's Disease Complications

Research and Statistics: How Many People Have Crohn's Disease?

About three million people in the United States have an inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, according to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation.

Studies show that the condition has become more common in the United States and certain other countries, for reasons that aren't fully understood.

Crohn's disease is most commonly diagnosed in adolescents and adults between ages 20 and 30, but it can be diagnosed at any age.

Men and women are equally likely to be affected.

The disease is more likely to affect people of European descent — and especially those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent — than people of other races or ethnicities.

Related Conditions and Causes of Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s is a form of irritable bowel disease, an umbrella term used to describe disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. The other main type of IBD is ulcerative colitis, a condition characterized by chronic inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum.

It’s also important not to confuse an irritable bowel disease like Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The two conditions sound similar and even share some of the same symptoms but are very different.

While scientists are working to better understand the exact cause of IBD, it’s generally believed that the body mistakes normal bacteria in the gut for an enemy. As a result of the body’s natural defenses, this causes chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. In contrast, there are no physical changes to the digestive system with IBS.

Resources for People With Crohn’s Disease

Having Crohn’s disease can be physically and emotionally exhausting, and it can sometimes feel like no one else knows what you’re going through.

At the same time, you may have questions about the best way to treat or manage your disease, or wonder if you could benefit from participating in a clinical trial.

Fortunately, a number of resources are available for information, emotional support, and even amusement related to Crohn’s disease.

Check out our list of websites, organizations, articles, and blogs related to Crohn’s. You can learn more about your treatment options, read about other people’s experiences with Crohn’s, and find out more about getting involved in research or advocacy.

Learn More About Crohn's Disease Resources

Crohn’s and COVID-19

The coronavirus pandemic has forced everyone to take extra precautions when it comes to health and safety. This is especially true for individuals with a compromised immune system. Although research shows that people living with Crohn’s disease are no more susceptible to catching the virus than the general population, organizations including the American College of Gastroenterology and the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation have issued a number of new guidelines to help limit the spread of the infection.

And, doctors recommend that people with inflammatory bowel diseases receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Talk to your doctor to see if you also need a COVID-19 booster shot.

There are a number of resources available to help people with Crohn’s manage these difficult times — from medication assistance to telehealth appointments to virtual therapy for mental health.

Learn More About Crohn’s and COVID-19

Additional reporting by Jordan M. Davidson.